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Increased oxidative stress and reduced glutathione levels are associated with a number of conditions including ageing, diabetes, HIV infection, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disorders, neurometabolic diseases, obesity and others, said corresponding author Dr

Low glutathione may increase oxidative stress and reduce protection of mitochondria and cell membranes, potentially contributing to fatigue, poor concentration and reduced stress tolerance

In patients with ME/CFS and Long COVID, advanced neuroimaging studies have consistently demonstrated abnormally low levels of brain glutathione coupled with highly elevated levels of ventricular lactate, a clear indicator of neuroinflammation and mitochondrial distress

This is supported by studies that show that GLP-1 coadministration with somatostatin receptor antagonists eliminates the glucagon-suppressing effects of GLP-1 [30]

They can cross the BBB via AME, RME, and CMT

Patient on DTG-based regimen: patient taking DTG + 3TC + TDF for at least 6 months